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Gastroesophageal reflux, also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), is a condition in which gastric contents, including acid, and sometimes bile and digestive enzymes, flow back into the esophagus, leading to bothersome symptoms and potentially causing esophageal mucosal injury if the condition persists over time.

What is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)? Who is at higher risk of developing GERD?

What is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a condition in which acidic gastric contents reflux into the esophagus, resulting in characteristic symptoms such as retrosternal burning (heartburn), acid regurgitation, epigastric pain, dysphagia, chronic cough, and other distressing manifestations.

GERD not only affects gastrointestinal function but may also lead to extraesophageal complications. Prolonged reflux reaching the laryngopharyngeal region can cause pharyngitis, hoarseness, and chronic cough, while long-term exposure may damage dental enamel and adversely affect the respiratory tract.

Who is at increased risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

• Older adults, as advancing age is associated with reduced competence of the lower esophageal sphincter.
• Overweight or obese individuals, in whom increased intra-abdominal pressure predisposes to reflux.
• Pregnant women, particularly during the later stages of pregnancy, due to uterine enlargement exerting pressure on the stomach.
• Individuals with unhealthy dietary and lifestyle habits, such as overeating, lying down immediately after meals, frequent consumption of fried foods, caffeine, spicy or acidic foods, and regular alcohol intake.
• Patients with underlying medical conditions, including hiatal hernia, gastric motility disorders, or esophageal neuromuscular dysfunction.

The 10 most common signs of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Heartburn and retrosternal burning

This is the hallmark symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease, characterized by a burning sensation behind the sternum, particularly after meals or when lying down. It results from acid reflux irritating the esophageal mucosa. Persistent symptoms warrant medical evaluation to prevent complications.

Belching and acid regurgitation

These symptoms commonly occur after meals and are accompanied by a sour or acidic taste rising into the throat, along with abdominal bloating and discomfort. Prolonged acid regurgitation may lead to reflux esophagitis.

Nausea and vomiting

Patients may experience nausea after overeating, consuming alcohol, or lying down soon after meals. This occurs when gastric contents reflux into the pharynx. Recurrent vomiting may cause dehydration and mucosal injury.

Bitter taste and halitosis

Reflux of gastric acid or bile can cause a bitter taste in the mouth and unpleasant breath odor. This is a readily recognizable sign of GERD that can significantly affect daily communication and quality of life.

Hoarseness and chronic cough

Gastric acid irritating the larynx may lead to hoarseness and a persistent cough, which is often misdiagnosed as chronic pharyngitis. Symptoms lasting several weeks should raise suspicion of reflux-related laryngopharyngeal involvement.

Dysphagia and globus sensation

Patients may feel as though food is stuck in the throat, particularly when swallowing solid foods. This suggests acid-induced esophageal injury and requires early assessment to prevent complications such as esophageal stricture.

Excessive salivation

Hypersalivation occurs as a reflex response to neutralize refluxed acid. Although not immediately dangerous, frequent episodes are uncomfortable and disruptive to daily activities.

Epigastric discomfort or pain

GERD may cause a sensation of pressure or discomfort in the upper abdomen, especially after meals. When accompanied by heartburn or acid regurgitation, this symptom strongly suggests reflux disease.

Chest pain

Patients may experience burning or pressure-like pain in the mid-chest, sometimes radiating to the shoulder or back. Because this symptom can mimic cardiac conditions, recurrent chest pain associated with heartburn should prompt gastrointestinal evaluation.

Sleep disturbances

Nocturnal reflux may cause sudden awakening due to choking, dyspnea, or coughing. This is a concerning manifestation of GERD, as it directly affects sleep quality and overall health.

When these symptoms occur, patients should not underestimate their significance or self-medicate without medical guidance. Early evaluation at a reputable healthcare facility allows accurate assessment of disease severity and timely initiation of appropriate treatment, thereby preventing potentially serious complications.

Diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Gastroesophageal reflux disease requires accurate diagnosis and evidence-based treatment to prevent complications. Early evaluation at a reputable healthcare facility enables physicians to establish an appropriate management strategy, optimize therapeutic outcomes, and shorten the recovery period for patients.

Diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

• Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy) is the most important diagnostic modality, allowing direct visualization of the esophageal and gastric mucosa to identify inflammation, ulceration, bleeding, or complications such as Barrett’s esophagus. Endoscopic findings also serve as the basis for selecting an appropriate treatment strategy.
• Twenty-four–hour esophageal pH monitoring provides an objective assessment of the frequency and severity of acid reflux episodes. This test is particularly valuable in confirming the diagnosis in patients with non-erosive disease or inconclusive endoscopic findings.
• Contrast-enhanced radiography is used to detect hiatal hernia or structural abnormalities of the esophagus and stomach. This modality is helpful in excluding other conditions that may present with similar symptoms.
• Laboratory testing and biopsy may be performed during endoscopy, with tissue samples obtained for histopathological evaluation. Biopsy plays a crucial role in early detection of premalignant changes and in assessing the risk of esophageal cancer in patients with long-standing reflux disease.

Management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

• Lifestyle modification is a cornerstone of GERD management. Patients are advised to eat slowly, chew food thoroughly, consume smaller and more frequent meals, avoid spicy and irritating foods, alcohol, and coffee, and refrain from lying down immediately after meals. These measures play a fundamental role in reducing the frequency and severity of reflux episodes.
• Pharmacological therapy may include antacids, mucosal protective agents, and medications that regulate gastrointestinal motility or suppress gastric acid secretion. Drug regimens are individualized based on disease severity and symptom profile to achieve comprehensive symptom control.
• Surgical or interventional treatment is considered when medical therapy fails or when severe complications, such as esophageal stricture, are present. Procedures aimed at reinforcing the lower esophageal sphincter can effectively prevent gastric contents from refluxing into the esophagus.

If gastroesophageal reflux symptoms persist, self-medication may provide only temporary relief without addressing the underlying cause. Early evaluation at a specialized medical facility allows for accurate assessment of disease severity and timely intervention, thereby minimizing the risk of complications.

The Gastroenterology Center – Hong Ngoc General Hospital is a trusted destination chosen by many patients for the evaluation and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease due to the following strengths:

• Care provided by gastroenterology specialists with more than 20 years of clinical experience, offering one-on-one consultation and individualized management to ensure appropriate, sufficient treatment with high therapeutic efficacy and minimal long-term medication dependence.
• Implementation of an advanced proton pump inhibitor (PPI)–based medical protocol, typically administered over a minimum of four weeks under close physician supervision. This regimen effectively suppresses gastric acid secretion, reduces reflux episodes, rapidly alleviates symptoms such as heartburn, chest discomfort, dysphagia, and chronic cough, and supports healing of the esophageal mucosa.
• Use of state-of-the-art narrow band imaging (NBI) endoscopy technology from Japan, with up to 150-fold magnification, enabling early detection of mucosal inflammation, congestion, erosions, and ulcerative lesions of the stomach and esophagus.
• Application of the noninvasive Helicobacter pylori urea breath test, with diagnostic accuracy of up to 95 percent, providing reliable results without discomfort to the patient.

Please contact the hotline 0911 908 856 to receive special offers on gastrointestinal endoscopy services and early detection of gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Frequently asked questions about gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

When should patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease seek medical attention?

Medical consultation is recommended when symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease such as heartburn, dysphagia, or chest pain occur frequently, persist for two to four weeks, or are accompanied by warning signs including sleep disturbance or unintended weight loss.

How do the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease differ from physiological belching?

Physiological belching is usually transient, occurs after overeating or consumption of stimulants, and is not accompanied by severe chest pain or difficulty swallowing. In contrast, symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease tend to occur more frequently, recur over time, and significantly interfere with daily activities and quality of life.

Can gastroesophageal reflux disease occur without heartburn?

Yes. Some patients experience atypical or extraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease, such as chronic cough, hoarseness, or dysphagia, without prominent or noticeable heartburn.

Can gastroesophageal reflux disease be completely cured?

Gastroesophageal reflux disease can be well controlled if detected early and managed appropriately. In many cases, symptoms markedly improve or resolve with lifestyle modification and pharmacological therapy. However, in patients with severe or long-standing mucosal damage, long-term management and prevention of recurrence are particularly important.

What dietary habits help reduce the risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease?

Patients are advised to consume smaller, more frequent meals and avoid overeating. Limiting spicy and acidic foods, caffeine, and alcohol is recommended. Individuals should avoid lying down immediately after meals, sleep with the head elevated, maintain a healthy body weight, and refrain from wearing tight clothing that increases intra-abdominal pressure.

(*) Depending on the patient’s individual constitution and clinical condition.

Note: The information provided in this article by Hong Ngoc General Hospital is for reference purposes only and does not replace professional medical diagnosis or treatment. Patients should not self-medicate. For an accurate assessment of the medical condition, individuals are advised to visit a hospital or reputable healthcare facility for direct examination, diagnosis, and consultation on an appropriate treatment regimen, as well as prescription of the most effective medications.

Gastroenterology Center – Hong Ngoc General Hospital

1. Hong Ngoc Phuc Truong Minh General Hospital – No. 8 Chau Van Liem Street, Tu Liem District, Hanoi
2. Hong Ngoc General Hospital – 55 Yen Ninh Street, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi
3. Hong Ngoc Tasco Long Bien Clinic – 3rd Floor, Building B, Tasco Megamall, 07–09 Nguyen Van Linh Street, Viet Hung Ward, Hanoi

Hotline: 0911 908 856 – 0932 232 016Email: trungtamtieuhoa@hongngochospital.vn

Stay updated with useful medical information and special promotional programs at: Gastroenterology Center – Hong Ngoc General Hospital

Gastroesophageal reflux, also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), is a condition in which gastric contents, including acid, and sometimes bile and digestive enzymes, flow back into the esophagus, leading to bothersome symptoms and potentially causing esophageal mucosal injury if the condition persists over time.

What is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)? Who is at higher risk of developing GERD?

What is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a condition in which acidic gastric contents reflux into the esophagus, resulting in characteristic symptoms such as retrosternal burning (heartburn), acid regurgitation, epigastric pain, dysphagia, chronic cough, and other distressing manifestations.

GERD not only affects gastrointestinal function but may also lead to extraesophageal complications. Prolonged reflux reaching the laryngopharyngeal region can cause pharyngitis, hoarseness, and chronic cough, while long-term exposure may damage dental enamel and adversely affect the respiratory tract.

Who is at increased risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

• Older adults, as advancing age is associated with reduced competence of the lower esophageal sphincter.
• Overweight or obese individuals, in whom increased intra-abdominal pressure predisposes to reflux.
• Pregnant women, particularly during the later stages of pregnancy, due to uterine enlargement exerting pressure on the stomach.
• Individuals with unhealthy dietary and lifestyle habits, such as overeating, lying down immediately after meals, frequent consumption of fried foods, caffeine, spicy or acidic foods, and regular alcohol intake.
• Patients with underlying medical conditions, including hiatal hernia, gastric motility disorders, or esophageal neuromuscular dysfunction.

The 10 most common signs of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Heartburn and retrosternal burning

This is the hallmark symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease, characterized by a burning sensation behind the sternum, particularly after meals or when lying down. It results from acid reflux irritating the esophageal mucosa. Persistent symptoms warrant medical evaluation to prevent complications.

Belching and acid regurgitation

These symptoms commonly occur after meals and are accompanied by a sour or acidic taste rising into the throat, along with abdominal bloating and discomfort. Prolonged acid regurgitation may lead to reflux esophagitis.

Nausea and vomiting

Patients may experience nausea after overeating, consuming alcohol, or lying down soon after meals. This occurs when gastric contents reflux into the pharynx. Recurrent vomiting may cause dehydration and mucosal injury.

Bitter taste and halitosis

Reflux of gastric acid or bile can cause a bitter taste in the mouth and unpleasant breath odor. This is a readily recognizable sign of GERD that can significantly affect daily communication and quality of life.

Hoarseness and chronic cough

Gastric acid irritating the larynx may lead to hoarseness and a persistent cough, which is often misdiagnosed as chronic pharyngitis. Symptoms lasting several weeks should raise suspicion of reflux-related laryngopharyngeal involvement.

Dysphagia and globus sensation

Patients may feel as though food is stuck in the throat, particularly when swallowing solid foods. This suggests acid-induced esophageal injury and requires early assessment to prevent complications such as esophageal stricture.

Excessive salivation

Hypersalivation occurs as a reflex response to neutralize refluxed acid. Although not immediately dangerous, frequent episodes are uncomfortable and disruptive to daily activities.

Epigastric discomfort or pain

GERD may cause a sensation of pressure or discomfort in the upper abdomen, especially after meals. When accompanied by heartburn or acid regurgitation, this symptom strongly suggests reflux disease.

Chest pain

Patients may experience burning or pressure-like pain in the mid-chest, sometimes radiating to the shoulder or back. Because this symptom can mimic cardiac conditions, recurrent chest pain associated with heartburn should prompt gastrointestinal evaluation.

Sleep disturbances

Nocturnal reflux may cause sudden awakening due to choking, dyspnea, or coughing. This is a concerning manifestation of GERD, as it directly affects sleep quality and overall health.

When these symptoms occur, patients should not underestimate their significance or self-medicate without medical guidance. Early evaluation at a reputable healthcare facility allows accurate assessment of disease severity and timely initiation of appropriate treatment, thereby preventing potentially serious complications.

Diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Gastroesophageal reflux disease requires accurate diagnosis and evidence-based treatment to prevent complications. Early evaluation at a reputable healthcare facility enables physicians to establish an appropriate management strategy, optimize therapeutic outcomes, and shorten the recovery period for patients.

Diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

• Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy) is the most important diagnostic modality, allowing direct visualization of the esophageal and gastric mucosa to identify inflammation, ulceration, bleeding, or complications such as Barrett’s esophagus. Endoscopic findings also serve as the basis for selecting an appropriate treatment strategy.
• Twenty-four–hour esophageal pH monitoring provides an objective assessment of the frequency and severity of acid reflux episodes. This test is particularly valuable in confirming the diagnosis in patients with non-erosive disease or inconclusive endoscopic findings.
• Contrast-enhanced radiography is used to detect hiatal hernia or structural abnormalities of the esophagus and stomach. This modality is helpful in excluding other conditions that may present with similar symptoms.
• Laboratory testing and biopsy may be performed during endoscopy, with tissue samples obtained for histopathological evaluation. Biopsy plays a crucial role in early detection of premalignant changes and in assessing the risk of esophageal cancer in patients with long-standing reflux disease.

Management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

• Lifestyle modification is a cornerstone of GERD management. Patients are advised to eat slowly, chew food thoroughly, consume smaller and more frequent meals, avoid spicy and irritating foods, alcohol, and coffee, and refrain from lying down immediately after meals. These measures play a fundamental role in reducing the frequency and severity of reflux episodes.
• Pharmacological therapy may include antacids, mucosal protective agents, and medications that regulate gastrointestinal motility or suppress gastric acid secretion. Drug regimens are individualized based on disease severity and symptom profile to achieve comprehensive symptom control.
• Surgical or interventional treatment is considered when medical therapy fails or when severe complications, such as esophageal stricture, are present. Procedures aimed at reinforcing the lower esophageal sphincter can effectively prevent gastric contents from refluxing into the esophagus.

If gastroesophageal reflux symptoms persist, self-medication may provide only temporary relief without addressing the underlying cause. Early evaluation at a specialized medical facility allows for accurate assessment of disease severity and timely intervention, thereby minimizing the risk of complications.

The Gastroenterology Center – Hong Ngoc General Hospital is a trusted destination chosen by many patients for the evaluation and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease due to the following strengths:

• Care provided by gastroenterology specialists with more than 20 years of clinical experience, offering one-on-one consultation and individualized management to ensure appropriate, sufficient treatment with high therapeutic efficacy and minimal long-term medication dependence.
• Implementation of an advanced proton pump inhibitor (PPI)–based medical protocol, typically administered over a minimum of four weeks under close physician supervision. This regimen effectively suppresses gastric acid secretion, reduces reflux episodes, rapidly alleviates symptoms such as heartburn, chest discomfort, dysphagia, and chronic cough, and supports healing of the esophageal mucosa.
• Use of state-of-the-art narrow band imaging (NBI) endoscopy technology from Japan, with up to 150-fold magnification, enabling early detection of mucosal inflammation, congestion, erosions, and ulcerative lesions of the stomach and esophagus.
• Application of the noninvasive Helicobacter pylori urea breath test, with diagnostic accuracy of up to 95 percent, providing reliable results without discomfort to the patient.

Please contact the hotline 0911 908 856 to receive special offers on gastrointestinal endoscopy services and early detection of gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Frequently asked questions about gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

When should patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease seek medical attention?

Medical consultation is recommended when symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease such as heartburn, dysphagia, or chest pain occur frequently, persist for two to four weeks, or are accompanied by warning signs including sleep disturbance or unintended weight loss.

How do the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease differ from physiological belching?

Physiological belching is usually transient, occurs after overeating or consumption of stimulants, and is not accompanied by severe chest pain or difficulty swallowing. In contrast, symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease tend to occur more frequently, recur over time, and significantly interfere with daily activities and quality of life.

Can gastroesophageal reflux disease occur without heartburn?

Yes. Some patients experience atypical or extraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease, such as chronic cough, hoarseness, or dysphagia, without prominent or noticeable heartburn.

Can gastroesophageal reflux disease be completely cured?

Gastroesophageal reflux disease can be well controlled if detected early and managed appropriately. In many cases, symptoms markedly improve or resolve with lifestyle modification and pharmacological therapy. However, in patients with severe or long-standing mucosal damage, long-term management and prevention of recurrence are particularly important.

What dietary habits help reduce the risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease?

Patients are advised to consume smaller, more frequent meals and avoid overeating. Limiting spicy and acidic foods, caffeine, and alcohol is recommended. Individuals should avoid lying down immediately after meals, sleep with the head elevated, maintain a healthy body weight, and refrain from wearing tight clothing that increases intra-abdominal pressure.

(*) Depending on the patient’s individual constitution and clinical condition.

Note: The information provided in this article by Hong Ngoc General Hospital is for reference purposes only and does not replace professional medical diagnosis or treatment. Patients should not self-medicate. For an accurate assessment of the medical condition, individuals are advised to visit a hospital or reputable healthcare facility for direct examination, diagnosis, and consultation on an appropriate treatment regimen, as well as prescription of the most effective medications.

Gastroenterology Center – Hong Ngoc General Hospital

1. Hong Ngoc Phuc Truong Minh General Hospital – No. 8 Chau Van Liem Street, Tu Liem District, Hanoi
2. Hong Ngoc General Hospital – 55 Yen Ninh Street, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi
3. Hong Ngoc Tasco Long Bien Clinic – 3rd Floor, Building B, Tasco Megamall, 07–09 Nguyen Van Linh Street, Viet Hung Ward, Hanoi

Hotline: 0911 908 856 – 0932 232 016Email: trungtamtieuhoa@hongngochospital.vn

Stay updated with useful medical information and special promotional programs at: Gastroenterology Center – Hong Ngoc General Hospital